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Land Day ((アラビア語:يوم الأرض), ''Yom al-Ard''; , ''Yom HaAdama''), March 30, is an annual day of commemoration for Palestinians of the events of that date in 1976. In response to the Israeli government's announcement of a plan to expropriate thousands of dunams of land for security and settlement purposes, a general strike and marches were organized in Arab towns from the Galilee to the Negev.〔Levy and Weiss, 2002, p. 200.〕〔 In the ensuing confrontations with the Israeli army and police, six unarmed Arab citizens were killed, about one hundred were wounded, and hundreds of others arrested.〔(Israeli Arab leader on Land Day: We'll fight Israel's 'rising fascism' ) by Yoav Stern and Jack Khouri, Haaretz, June 15, 2008〕〔Byman, 2002, p. 132.〕〔〔(Thousands of Arabs mark Land Day ) by Yaakov Lappin, Jerusalem Post, March 30, 2008〕 Scholarship on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict recognizes Land Day as a pivotal event in the struggle over land and in the relationship of Arab citizens to the Israeli state and body politic. It is significant in that it was the first time since 1948 that Arabs in Israel organized a response to Israeli policies as a Palestinian national collective.〔 An important annual day of commemoration in the Palestinian national political calendar ever since, it is marked not only by Arab citizens of Israel, but also by Palestinians all over the world.〔Schulz and Hammer, 2003, p. 77.〕 ==Background== The Arabs of Palestine were a largely agrarian people, 75% of whom made their living off the land before the establishment of the Israeli state.〔〔Herb and Kaplan, 1999, p. 260. "() the geographical scale of the Arab identity in Israel has changed dramatically a few times during the twentieth century. Prior to the disastrous 1948 defeat, they were an integral part of the agrarian Palestinian society that was gradually building its national consciousness."〕 After the Palestinian exodus and the effects of the 1948 Arab-Israel war, land continued to play an important role in the lives of the 156,000 Palestinian Arabs who remained inside what became the state of Israel, serving as the source of communal identity, honor, and purpose.〔Nassar and Heacock, 1990, p. 29. A popular slogan that emerged among Palestinians after 1967 war was ''al-Ard qabl al'Ard'' ("land before honor").〕 The Israeli government adopted in 1950 the Law of Return to facilitate Jewish immigration to Israel and the absorption of Jewish refugees. Israel's Absentees' Property Law of March 1950 transferred the property rights of absentee owners to a government-appointed Custodian of Absentee Property. It was also used to confiscate the lands of Arab citizens of Israel who "are present inside the state, yet classified in law as 'absent'."〔 The number of "present-absentees" or internally displaced Palestinians from among the 1.2 million Arab citizens of Israel is estimated (in 2001) to be 200,000, or some 20% of the total Palestinian Arab population in Israel.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=Uri Davis )〕 Salman Abu-Sitta estimates that between 1948 and 2003 more than of land was expropriated from Arab citizens of Israel (present-absentees and otherwise).〔Salman Abu Sitta in Masalha and Said, 2005, p. 287, footnote 33. Sitta also gives an estimate for the total land area owned by Arab citizens prior to the expropriations: . Half of this total, some , had been expropriated by the early 1960s.〕 According to Oren Yiftachel, public protest against state policies and practices from among the Palestinian Arabs in Israel was rare prior to the mid-1970s, owing to a combination of factors including military rule over their localities, poverty, isolation, fragmentation, and their peripheral position in the new Israeli state.〔Yiftachel, 2006, p. 170.〕 Those protests that did take place against land expropriations and the restrictions Arab citizens were subject to under military rule (1948-1966) are described by Shany Payes as "sporadic" and "limited", due to restrictions on rights to freedom of movement, expression and assembly characteristic of that period.〔Payes, 2005, p. 7.〕 While the political movement Al-Ard ("The Land") was active for about a decade, it was declared illegal in 1964, and the most notable antigovernment occasions otherwise were the May Day protests staged annually by the Communist party.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Land Day」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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